An analysis of the Circumferential Grooves Casing Treatment for transonic compressor flow

The stall mechanism of the NASA Rotor 37 is investigated through the analysis of the critical flow structures near the stall under the transonic condition. The performance of the rotor with Circumferential Grooves Casing Treatment (CGCT) is also studied based on the Reynolds-Averaging Navier-Stokes approach. The study finds that stall margin improvement can be achieved without significant penalty on the efficiency for the two CGCT configurations applied. The effects of circumferential grooves on the critica...     

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of the oil fractions produced by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of different sewage sludges

The pyrolysis of sewage sludge was studied in a microwave oven using graphite as microwave absorber. The pyrolysis temperature ranged from 800 to 1000 degrees C depending on the type of sewage sludge. A conventional electrical furnace was also employed in order to compare the results obtained with both methods. The pyrolysis oils were trapped in a series of condensers and their characteristics such as elemental analysis and calorific value were determined and compared with those of the initial sludge. The oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS. The oils from the microwave oven had n-alkanes and 1-alkenes, aromatic compounds, ranging from benzene derivatives to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogenated compounds, long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids, ketones and esters and also monoterpenes and steroids. The oil from the electric oven was composed basically of PAHs such as naphthalene, acenapthylene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzofluoranthenes, benzopyrenes, indenepyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and anthanthrene. In contrast, these compounds were not produced in the case of microwave-assisted pyrolysis.     

The effect of acid treatment on the pyrolysis behavior of sewage sludges

One sewage sludge (SLA) from Ávila region (Spain) was selected and used as raw material in order to study the influence of acid treatment on the pyrolysis behavior of sewage sludges. SLA was heat treated with acid solutions at pH 1 and pH 2 leading to SLA-1 and SLA-2, respectively. Characterization of samples has showed that acid treatment leads to metals removal and modifications in the organic matter composition of sewage sludge. Pyrolysis of three samples showed that SLA and SLA-1 have a similar pyrolysis behavior whereas SLA-2 shows a slightly extended temperature interval for pyrolysis, beginning at lower temperature and finishing at higher temperatures.     

Use of chemometrics methods and multicriteria decision-making for site selection for sustainable on-site sewage effluent disposal

This paper presents a study undertaken to evaluate site suitability for sewage effluent renovation based on physico-chemical characteristics of the soil. The results obtained showed that as the soil becomes acidic, the phosphorus concentration in the soil reduces accordingly. The chloride ion concentration was found to be a reliable indicator for evaluating the soil capacity to remove nitrogen. A high cation exchange capacity (CEC) can enhance the renovation of sewage effluent. Soils with high quartz content had a low CEC with high organic matter content (OM) being able to compensate. Therefore, an understanding of the micro-nutrients in the soil, organic matter content and chloride ion concentration are important.To facilitate a multi-variate approach for site selection, multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, PROMETHEE and GAIA, were applied for analysis of a sequence of three matrices consisting of 8, 16, and 48 soil site objects, respectively, and seven soil property parameters. Matrix models and the interpretation of results are discussed in detail. From these analyses, PROMETHEE II net outranking flows, ?, found that two sites were always among the top three ranks of the three matrix models, which suggested that they were the most suitable for sewage effluent renovation. The criteria CEC and OM, were particularly important for the selection of these better sites, but pH and Cl⁻ attributes discriminated the weaker performing sites from the better ones; as well the PO₄³⁻ and the NH₃-N criteria were in general opposition to CEC, OM, pH and Cl⁻ but were much less effective as discriminators. Consideration of net outranking flows suggested an approach method for the selection of other possibly suitable sites for sewage effluent renovation.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定城市污泥中有机态镉

建立了真空冷冻干燥法制备有机相标准系列,氯化钯-磷酸氢二钾作基体改进剂,分步斜坡升温石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定城市污泥中痕量有机态Cd的方法,有效地消除了基体干扰.方法的精密度(RSD,n=11)为5.7%,用于污泥样品的测定加标回收率在91%-107%之间,与常规消解法测定值比较结果令人满意.     

黄土公路隧道病害治理实例研究

黄土物理力学性质相对较差,具有大孔隙、湿陷性强、强度低的特点,加之黄土区的地形地貌、地质条件比较复杂,导致黄土隧道修筑过程中病害较多。利用SIR2000型探地雷达、RSM-SY5非金属声波探测仪和BJSD-2型激光限界仪等多种方法对某黄土公路隧道病害进行了探测,探测表明隧道洞身出现环向和横向裂缝,衬砌厚度不足,局部地段存在集中涌水和渗漏水,根据探测结果对隧道病害成因进行了详细的分析。在此基础上结合黄土隧道的基本特征,有针对性地提出了锚喷加固、套衬加仰拱、套衬和下加固围岩3套病害治理方案。并利用数值模拟对隧道治理前后围岩稳定性和衬砌结构受力状态进行了分析,结果表明治理方案衬砌受力状态基本对称,结构的安全系数有较大的提高。     

紫外分光光度法直接测定废水中微量油的研究

目前 ,环保或其他部门对废水、气中的油的测定 ,一般采用石油醚萃取的重量法、红外或紫外分光光度法[1～ 5] 。因均需除去水分 ,步骤较繁琐。本法根据植物油在紫外区 2 0 0nm附近有强吸收 ,采用在废水中加入S T混合乳化剂进行乳化后 ,直接用紫外分光光度法测定其混合油的含量。方法简便快速 ,稳定性好 ,回收率在 89%～ 12 9%之间 ;线性范围为 :0～ 92 μg·mL-1。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定城市污泥中重金属的活性形态

以沈阳北部、满堂河、仙女河三个污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,选择水、醋酸和不同极性的有机溶剂对其进行浸提分离,采用ICP-MS测定了污泥中主要污染的重金属元素各活性形态的含量,并探讨了Cr,Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb随环境条件的改变其活性形态含量的变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：城市污泥中重金属的醋酸浸提态含量较高,水溶态含量较低,二者随时间和温度条件的变化呈一致的规律性,有机浸提态重金属的含量与溶剂极性大小呈正相关性。醋酸浸提态重金属在迁移转化过程中具有较大活性,同一形态重金属的活性次序为：水溶态Zn＞Cu＞Cd＞Pb＞Cr,醋酸浸提态Cd＞Cr＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb,有机浸提态Pb＞Cd＞Cr＞Cu＞Zn。     

软硬岩互层边坡崩塌机理及治理对策研究

基于无限大弹性基体深埋椭圆形片状裂纹的变形场,推导了椭圆形片状裂纹的能量释放率, 采用能量平衡方法建立了椭圆形片状裂纹承受拉应力和剪应力时的复合断裂准则. 考虑裂纹 在拉-剪应力作用下的偏折扩展,分析了裂纹的偏折方向,提出了椭圆形片状裂纹发生偏折扩 展时的初始偏折位置的确定方法.     

Analysis of Urea Nitrogen in the Presence of Ammonia Using an Ammonia Gas Sensitive Electrode

Abstract

This report describes a method for the determination of ammonia and urea in raw sewage samples using an Orion Ammonia Gas-Sensing Electrode. Urea is determined by potentiometrically measuring the ammonia produced following exhaustive hydrolysis by urease and subtracting the amount of ammonia present before enzymatic hydrolysis. The recovery of urea from raw sewage samples using the procedure herein described is shown to be nearly Quantitative.